
This page is describing the breaking changes and differences in behaviour between WebGL and WebGPU.

We try to avoid breaking changes as much as possible in the core library, but sometimes we can't avoid them, and with the big new evolution that supporting WebGPU as a new engine is you need to be aware of a number of things if trying to port your existing projects to WebGPU.

## readPixels is now asynchronous

Probably the biggest change between WebGPU and WebGL is that reading from a texture is asynchronous in WebGPU, no way around it. So, all methods (even in WebGL mode) reading pixels from textures now return a promise:

- [BaseTexture.readPixels](/typedoc/classes/babylon.basetexture#readpixels)
- [ProceduralTexture.getContent](/typedoc/classes/babylon.proceduraltexture#getcontent)
- [ThinEngine.readPixels](/typedoc/classes/babylon.thinengine#readpixels)
- [CubeMapToSphericalPolynomialTools.ConvertCubeMapTextureToSphericalPolynomial](/typedoc/classes/babylon.cubemaptosphericalpolynomialtools#convertcubemaptexturetosphericalpolynomial)
- [CopyTools.GenerateBase64StringFromTexture](/typedoc/classes/babylon.copytools#generatebase64stringfromtexture)

To match how WebGL works there is a [flushFramebuffer](/typedoc/classes/babylon.thinengine#flushframebuffer) call that is automatically performed before reading a texture to be sure you get up to date data. However, if you know your texture is up to date when you call a **readPixels** method, you can avoid this flush (save some tiny bit of perf) by passing the appropriate parameter to the function call (_flushRenderer_ = _false_, see docs). Note that if you are doing the read in **engine.onEndFrameObservable** you don't need to flush, as this observer triggers after the flushing for the current frame has been done.

Note also that currently **readPixels** is slow if `width` is not divisible by 64! Also, it is very slow when reading data from half float textures: use full float textures instead if possible. Speeding those things up is on our roadmap.

## Creation of the WebGPU engine is asynchronous

Creating the engine is also asynchronous in WebGPU. You can do something like this to create a WebGPU engine if supported by the browser, or else a WebGL engine:

```javascript
async function createEngine() {
  const webGPUSupported = await BABYLON.WebGPUEngine.IsSupportedAsync;
  if (webGPUSupported) {
    const engine = new BABYLON.WebGPUEngine(document.getElementById("renderCanvas"));
    await engine.initAsync();
    return engine;
  }
  return new BABYLON.Engine(document.getElementById("renderCanvas"), true);
}
```

Or using the `EngineFactory` helper (it will try first to create a WebGPU engine if supported, then a WebGL engine then a null engine):

```javascript
async function createEngine() {
  return BABYLON.EngineFactory.CreateAsync(document.getElementById("renderCanvas"));
}
```

## Shader code differences

### Array of textures

Array of textures in shader code can't be accessed with a varying index, it must be an immediate value. For eg, `myTextures[0]` / `myTextures[1]` does work but not `myTextures[i]` (i being a variable loop for instance).

### Passing samplers to functions

In shaders, you can't pass samplers to functions:

```javascript
vec4 getPixel(sampler2D sampler, vec2 uv) {
    return texture2D(sampler, uv);
}
```

Calling this function will fail with a compilation error in WebGPU.

To simplify porting existing code we have added a pre-pass shader code inliner which will replace a function call by the code of the function itself. You need to tag the function(s) to be inlined with `#define inline` for the inliner to perform its processing:

```javascript
#define inline
vec4 getPixel(sampler2D sampler, vec2 uv) {
    return texture2D(sampler, uv);
}
```

### Binding values to samplers

WebGPU is less forgiving than WebGL, all sampler variables declared in a shader must have a value bound, even if you don't use that variable, contrary to WebGL. If you get a warning message like "**numBindings mismatch**", it means that you probably defined a uniform sampler variable in the shader code but didn't bind a value to it (by calling something like **setTexture("myvar", texture)** on the shader/material).

### ShaderMaterial

If using a custom attribute in a [ShaderMaterial](/typedoc/classes/babylon.shadermaterial) (or [CustomMaterial](/typedoc/classes/babylon.custommaterial) / [PBRCustomMaterial](/typedoc/classes/babylon.pbrcustommaterial)), it must be declared in the list of attributes used by that shader. For eg, for [ShaderMaterial](/typedoc/classes/babylon.shadermaterial), you must pass its name in the _attributes_ array of the options passed to the constructor. In WebGL you can omit this declaration and it will still work (but as a side-effect, it is not really supported).

In WebGL you could list several times the same attribute when creating a [ShaderMaterial](/typedoc/classes/babylon.shadermaterial) and it would work (it was as if you gave this attribute a single time), but in WebGPU it will fail.

## Miscellaneous

The viewport can't spread outside the framebuffer/texture, contrary to WebGL. So, if you call something like:

```javascript
new BABYLON.Viewport(x, y, w, h);
```

- x, y, w, h must be >= 0 and &lt;= 1.
- x + w must be &lt;= 1
- y + h must be &lt;= 1

The stride of an attribute in a vertex buffer can't be less than 4 bytes, contrary to WebGL. Also, for the time being, position vertex kind must be number/float, it can't be char/int (Int8Array/Int32Array). Try this PG, which works in WebGL but not in WebGPU: <Playground id="#U1CZV3#4" title="Stride of 3 bytes" description="Demonstrate using a byte buffer for position"/>

The `TEXTUREFORMAT_LUMINANCE` format is not supported in WebGPU.



This section will explain how WebGPU has been implemented in Babylon.js. It may be useful for users wanted to contribute to the engine or simply to understand what's going on under the hood.


Here are listed the current limitations of the WebGPU specification/implementation as of 2022/01/16.

## Non linear-filterable 32 bits float texture 
32 bits float textures are not linear-filterable (see [List of texture formats](https://www.w3.org/TR/webgpu/#plain-color-formats)), meaning you can't use the bi/tri linear filtering with them, for eg. You will need to use 16 bits float textures instead, until the spec (or an extension) adds support for it.

## Low number of varying support
Chrome (which is the only browser supported by Babylon.js at this time because of the other browsers lagging behind in term of the WebGPU spec implementation) only supports 14 "varyings", meaning variables that are created in the vertex shader and reused in the fragment shader.

That means that the `kernelBlur` shader is more limited than in WebGL in case your GPU would support more than 14 varyings (for eg, the GTX1080 supports up to 30 of them).

It also limits the complexity of node materials: some materials that would work in WebGL won't work in WebGPU because of that.



This section will show you how you can use some specific features to optimize your scenes when using the WebGPU engine.


*Note that we will use Chrome Canary as our gauge browser for WebGPU features as other browsers are still lagging in term of feature support as of this writing (2023/08/29).*

## Make it work: Current status of the port
Most of the features of Babylon.js are now available in WebGPU. Here's a detailed list of what is not working / is partially working.

### Features with incomplete support
* [Point Cloud System](/typedoc/classes/babylon.pointscloudsystem)
  * WebGPU does not support a point size different from 1, so setting a value different from 1 for the point size won't be taken into account

### Features not working because not implemented yet
* Support for triangle fan / line loop drawing mode
  * WebGPU does not support those modes, we will need to emulate them with triangle strip and line strip
* Support types other than `float` for the vertex buffers (position, normal, uv, ...)
  * Contrary to WebGL, in WebGPU there's no automatic conversion from the type of the vertex buffer to the type used by shader
* Handle context lost/restore
* [Multiview / WebXR](/features/featuresDeepDive/cameras/multiViewsPart1)
  * Not implemented yet but not supported by Chrome / WebGPU specifications neither

## Make it fast: Optimizations
The most important optimizations have now been done (see [Optimizations](/setup/support/webGPU/webGPUOptimization)), others could be considered:
* Use compute shaders to perform some conversions when reading data from buffers
* Use compute shaders to generate mipmaps

## Other "nice-to-have" features 
* Use `CreatePipelineAsync` for asynchronous pipeline creations

## Browser Caveats
Chrome Canary does not support all WebGPU features yet (or some others are not fully functional yet), so here are some caveats:
* GPU timing in the **Inspector** does not work because timestamp queries are currently disabled in Chrome. You can start Chrome with the `--disable-dawn-features=disallow_unsafe_apis` flag if you want to enable them.



Currently, all shaders used by **Babylon.js** are written in GLSL and are converted to [WGSL](https://gpuweb.github.io/gpuweb/wgsl/) (the only shader language that WebGPU knows about) by some special tools.

So, even in WebGPU, if you use a `CustomMaterial` or a `PBRCustomMaterial` to inject some custom shader code, you must write it in GLSL.

If you want to write shader code in the WGSL language, you can either write a [compute shader](/features/featuresDeepDive/materials/shaders/computeShader) or use the [ShaderMaterial](/typedoc/classes/babylon.shadermaterial) class to wrap a vertex/fragment shader. The latter is the subject of this page.

## Using ShaderMaterial to write WGSL code
You can use the `ShaderMaterial` class to write WGSL code in much the same way you use it to write GLSL but with some small differences.

Note: if you use the "color" attribute in your shader code, don't add it to the **attributes** property passed to the `ShaderMaterial` constructor! This attribute will be automatically added if a vertex buffer named "color" is attached to the mesh. If you add "color" to the **attributes** array, you will get an error like "Attribute shader location (1) is used more than once".

### Setting the right shader language
You must set the `shaderLanguage` property to `BABYLON.ShaderLanguage.WGSL` in the `options` parameter you pass to the constructor.
For eg:
```javascript
const mat = new BABYLON.ShaderMaterial("shader", scene, {
        vertex: "myShader",
        fragment: "myShader",
    },
    {
        attributes: ["position", "uv", "normal"],
        uniformBuffers: ["Scene", "Mesh"],
        shaderLanguage: BABYLON.ShaderLanguage.WGSL,
    }
);
```

### Using the WGSL shader store
If using the shader store, you must put your WGSL code in `BABYLON.ShaderStore.ShadersStoreWGSL` instead of `BABYLON.ShaderStore.ShadersStore`.

For eg:
```javascript
BABYLON.ShaderStore.ShadersStoreWGSL["myShaderVertexShader"]=`   
    #include<sceneUboDeclaration>
    #include<meshUboDeclaration>
    ...
`;

BABYLON.ShaderStore.ShadersStoreWGSL["myShaderFragmentShader"]=`
    varying vPositionW : vec3<f32>;
    varying vUV : vec2<f32>;
    ...
`;
```

### Declaration of the entry points
You must also declare the entry point for the vertex and fragment shader in a special way.

Vertex:
```wgsl
@vertex
fn main(input : VertexInputs) -> FragmentInputs {
    ...
}

```
Fragment:
```wgsl
@fragment
fn main(input : FragmentInputs) -> FragmentOutputs {
    ...
}
```

### Using pre-defined uniforms
To use the pre-defined uniforms of the scene (`view`, `viewProjection`, `projection`, `vEyePosition`) and mesh (`world`, `visibility`), you must include the appropriate file(s) in the shader code:
```wgsl
#include<sceneUboDeclaration>
#include<meshUboDeclaration>
```
and add the uniform buffer name(s) to the `uniformBuffers` option of the `ShaderMaterial` class constructor:
```javascript
const mat = new BABYLON.ShaderMaterial("shader", scene, {
        vertex: "myShader",
        fragment: "myShader",
    },
    {
        attributes: ["position", "uv", "normal"],
        uniformBuffers: ["Scene", "Mesh"],
        shaderLanguage: BABYLON.ShaderLanguage.WGSL,
    }
);
```

In the WGSL code, you access a uniform by prefixing its name by `scene.` or `mesh.` for the scene or mesh uniforms, respectively:
```wgsl
@vertex
fn main(input : VertexInputs) -> FragmentInputs {
    vertexOutputs.position = scene.viewProjection * mesh.world * vec4<f32>(vertexInputs.position, 1.0);
}    
```

## Special syntax used in WGSL code
Unlike computational shaders that use ordinary WGSL code, the shader code you write for `ShaderMaterial` must use special syntax to work with the existing workflow. To make it easier for developers, the declaration of variables is the same as that used in GLSL:
* declaring a varying variable:
```wgsl
varying varName : varType;
```
* declaring an attribute variable:
```wgsl
attribute varName : varType;
```
* declaring a uniform variable:
```wgsl
uniform varName : varType;
```

Contrary to GLSL, the inputs and outputs of the vertex/fragment shader are not declared as separate global variables internally, but are defined in some structures which are managed by the engine for you. However, it means that you need a special syntax to access these variables. Here is the mapping between the GLSL syntax and the WGSL syntax:
* In the vertex shader:
  * an attribute must be referenced by `vertexInputs.attributeName`
  * `gl_VertexID` => `vertexInputs.vertexIndex`
  * `gl_InstanceID` => `vertexInputs.instanceIndex`
  * a varying must be referenced by `vertexOutputs.varName`
  * `gl_Position` => `vertexOutputs.position`
* In the fragment shader:
  * a varying must be referenced by `fragmentInputs.varName`
  * `gl_FragCoord` => `fragmentInputs.position`
  * `gl_FrontFacing` => `fragmentInputs.frontFacing`
  * `gl_FragColor` => `fragmentOutputs.color`
  * `gl_FragDepth` => `fragmentOutputs.fragDepth`

Notes:
* When using the `uniform varName : varType` syntax, you access the variable by doing `uniforms.varName`, not simply `varName`. The variables declared that way can be set from the javascript code by using the regular methods of the `ShaderMaterial` class (`setFloat`, `setInt`, etc) as with GLSL
* `varType` must use a WGSL syntax, not GLSL! For eg: `varying vUV : vec2<f32>;`
* you must **NOT** add the `@group(X) @binding(Y)` decoration! The system will add them automatically

## Using new objects available in WGSL
You can use the standard WGSL syntax to declare:
* custom uniform buffers:
```wgsl
struct MyUBO {
    scale: f32,
};

var<uniform> myUBO: MyUBO;
```
* storage textures:
```wgsl
var storageTexture : texture_storage_2d<rgba8unorm,write>;
```
* storage buffers:
```wgsl
struct Buffer {
    items: array<f32>,
};
var<storage,read_write> storageBuffer : Buffer;
```
* external textures:
```wgsl
var videoTexture : texture_external;
```

Again, you must **NOT** add the `@group(X) @binding(Y)` decoration! The system will add them automatically.

On the javascript side, you have the corresponding methods to set a value to these variables:
* uniform buffer: `setUniformBuffer(name, buffer)`
* storage texture: same method than for regular textures (`setTexture(name, texture)`)
* storage buffer: `setStorageBuffer(name, buffer)`
* external texture: `setExternalTexture(name, buffer)`

## Examples
This playground is a basic example of using WGSL in a `ShaderMaterial`: <Playground id="#6GFJNR#178" image="/img/playgroundsAndNMEs/pg-6GFJNR-164.png" engine="webgpu" title="Basic example of WGSL with ShaderMaterial" description="Demonstrate how to write WGSL code with the ShaderMaterial class"/>

As when using GLSL, `ShaderMaterial` supports morphs, bones and instancing in WGSL. You will need to add the appropriate includes in your code to support these features. See how it is done in this playground (this example also demonstrates how to use a storage texture and a storage buffer): <Playground id="#8RU8Q3#155" image="/img/playgroundsAndNMEs/pg-8RU8Q3-126.png" engine="webgpu" title="Advanced usage of the ShaderMaterial class" description="Demonstrate how to write WGSL code with the ShaderMaterial class to support bones, morphs and instances"/>

You can also use the new in 5.0 baked vertex animation feature as well as clip planes. See: <Playground id="#8RU8Q3#156" image="/img/playgroundsAndNMEs/pg-8RU8Q3-106.png" engine="webgpu" title="Using BVA and clip planes in WGSL" description="Demonstrate how to write WGSL code with the ShaderMaterial class to support baked vertex animations and clip planes"/>

Playing videos with the regular [VideoTexture](/typedoc/classes/babylon.videotexture) is slow in WebGPU because there are a lot of texture copies that occur behind the scene in the browser. The `texture_external` type object is meant for fast video playing in WebGPU. This playground shows how to use the `ShaderMaterial` class to implement video playing with `texture_external`: <Playground id="#6GFJNR#179" image="/img/playgroundsAndNMEs/pg-6GFJNR-163.png" engine="webgpu" title="Video playing with the ShaderMaterial class" description="Demonstrate how to play videos using external texture in WGSL"/>



## Introduction
Following the specification from the [GPU for the Web Working Group](https://github.com/gpuweb/gpuweb), we have begun the journey to support this new technology. Our plan is to deliver support with WebGPU and WebGL feature parity in Babylon 5.

![Inspector](/img/extensions/WebGPU.png)

### Benefits of WebGPU
The promise behind [WebGPU](https://developer.chrome.com/en/docs/web-platform/webgpu/#what) is an exceptionally faster API provided through lower level control to system graphics resources from JavaScript. We hope to bring these extra performance improvements to developers in order to create even higher quality 3D web games and experiences through a tool they are already familiar with: Babylon.js.

Some features WebGPU brings to the table are:
* Compute shaders
* Ray tracing ([in-progress](https://github.com/gpuweb/gpuweb/issues/535))
* Improved performance across the board
* and more...

## Progress

See the [dedicated progress page](/setup/support/webGPU/webGPUStatus).

You can also follow our progress on out [GitHub dedicated issue](https://github.com/BabylonJS/Babylon.js/issues/6443).

The current implementation of WebGPU is now merged in the main branch of the Babylon.js [GitHub repository](https://github.com/BabylonJS/Babylon.js).

We are putting in a big effort alongside our next release to implement full support. Every contribution is more than welcome, so feel free to create a PR if you are interested in contributing to the future of high performance game development on the web.

## Potential Issues
Even if we are now far into the development process, we are still subject to potential changes as well as specification uncertainties. We will handle these changes one at a time but as a result we may have to adjust the release schedule accordingly.

We have the full support from the amazing teams implementing the WebGPU into the browsers, so we can work together as needed to make development smoother for all.

## Migration of Existing Games and Apps
As backwards compatibility is one of our pillars, the only difference we wish to have is with the engine initialization which needs to be asynchronous:

```javascript
const engine = new BABYLON.WebGPUEngine(canvas);
await engine.initAsync();
```

## Will WebGL still be supported?
Yes! Support for WebGL and WebGPU will be maintained side by side for the foreseeable future.

## Testing WebGPU
You can refer to [this page](https://github.com/gpuweb/gpuweb/wiki/Implementation-Status) for detailed information on browser support.

Assuming you're using a browser that supports WebGPU, you can try it out yourself in the [Playground](https://playground.babylonjs.com/) 

![WebGPU](/img/extensions/webGPUPlayground.jpg)

Follow the status from the dedicated [Chrome Status Platform Page](https://www.chromestatus.com/feature/6213121689518080).

All demo code is available on [Github](https://github.com/BabylonJS/Website/tree/master/build/Demos/WebGPU), so you can compare both the WebGL and WebGPU versions and take notice that there are currently no differences beside initialization. We will try to keep it this way. :-)


## Introduction

Starting with v3.0, Babylon.js supports rendering using WebGL1 and WebGL2 contexts.
The support is transparent for developers. By default the engine tries to get a WebGL2 context. If none is available then a WebGL1 one is retrieved.

You can test which version of WebGL is enabled with: `engine.webGLVersion` property.

## Shaders

When WebGL2 is enabled, the shaders are automatically converted to GLSL v3.0. Babylon.js will then automatically take advantage of extended instruction/uniform counts.

If you are using custom shaders, the best idea would be to provide GLSL v2.0 shaders. This way your code will work on both contexts.
You can obviously provide only v3.0 shaders but in this case your code will only work when WebGL2 is enabled.

## Supported features

You can find here the list of supported features and the backward compatibility options (when available)

| Feature                      | Description                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        | WebGL1 compatibility                                                                                          | Demo                                                                                                             | More info                                                                |
| ---------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
| Depth Frag                   | Used to compute logarithmic depth buffer                                                                                                                                                                                                           | Yes through an [extension](https://www.khronos.org/registry/webgl/extensions/EXT_frag_depth/)                 | <Playground id="#1180R5#15" title="Depth Frag" description="Depth Frag"/>                               | [Documentation](/features/featuresDeepDive/materials/advanced/logarithmicDepthBuffer) |
| Multisample render targets   | Rendertarget textures can be multisampled to get antialiasing effect                                                                                                                                                                               | No. Has no effect on WebGL1 context                                                                           | <Playground id="#12MKMN" title="Multisample Render Targets" description="Multisample render targets."/> | [See below](/setup/support/webGL2#multisample-render-targets)          |
| Standard derivatives         | Standard derivatites are used in Babylon.js to help compute realtime bump                                                                                                                                                                          | Yes through an [extension](https://www.khronos.org/registry/webgl/extensions/OES_standard_derivatives)        | [Demo](https://www.babylonjs.com/Demos/Bump/)                                                                    | [Documentation](/features/featuresDeepDive/materials/using/moreMaterials)             |
| Texture LOD                  | Used by PRBMaterial to simulate microsurface                                                                                                                                                                                                       | Yes through an [extension](https://www.khronos.org/registry/OpenGL/extensions/EXT/EXT_shader_texture_lod.txt) | [Demo](/features/featuresDeepDive/materials/using/HDREnvironment)                                                             | [Documentation](/features/featuresDeepDive/materials/using/introToPBR)                |
| Vertex array objects (VAO)   | A Vertex Array Object (or VAO) is an object that describes how the vertex attributes are stored in a Vertex Buffer Object (or VBO)                                                                                                                 | Yes through an [extension](https://www.khronos.org/registry/webgl/extensions/OES_vertex_array_object/)        | N/A. Every rendering is done with VAO by default                                                                 | [See below](/setup/support/webGL2#vertex-array-objects)                |
| Uniform buffer objects (UBO) | An uniform buffer object (or UBO) let you specify a group of uniforms from a buffer                                                                                                                                                                | No. Uniforms are handled independently on WebGL1 context                                                      | N/A. Materials supporting UBO automatically uses them                                                            | [See below](/setup/support/webGL2#uniform-buffer-objects)              |
| Multiple Render Target (MRT) | Several Render Targets can be rendered in the same draw call.                                                                                                                                                                                      | Yes through an [extension](https://www.khronos.org/registry/webgl/extensions/WEBGL_draw_buffers)              | <Playground id="#NZ6P07" title="Multiple Render Target" description="Multiple Render Target"/>          | [See below](/setup/support/webGL2#multiple-render-target)              |
| Occlusion Queries            | Occlusion queries detect whether a Mesh is visible in the current scene or not                                                                                                                                                                     | Yes through an [extension](https://www.khronos.org/opengl/wiki/Query_Object#Occlusion_queries)                | <Playground id="#QDAZ80#3" title="Occlusion Queries" description="Occlusion Queries"/>                  | [See below](/setup/support/webGL2#occlusion-queries)                   |
| 3D Textures                  | 3D textures are textures with a 3rd dimension. You can see them as multiple 2D textures where every texture is a slice in the 3d texture.                                                                                                          | No. Cannot be created in WebGL1                                                                               | This feature will automatically be used when possible.                                                           | [See below](/setup/support/webGL2#3d-textures)                         |
| 2D Array Textures            | 2D array textures are very similar to 3D textures but are designed for constructing a texture atlas instead of a volumetric texture.                                                                                                               | No. Cannot be created in WebGL1                                                                               | <Playground id="#XEVUD9" title="2D Array Textures" description="2D Array Textures"/>                    | [See below](/setup/support/webGL2#2d-array-textures)                   |
| Power of two textures        | In the past, to achieve the best performance and higher quality texture rendering, images with dimensions that are a power of two were required. With support for WebGL2 this is no longer the case, any sized texture will be rendered optimally. | Yes, however Babylon will resize textures to be a power of two causing a hit to performance                   | N/A. This is done by default                                                                                     | [See below](/setup/support/webGL2#power-of-two-textures)               |
| Transform feedback buffer    | Transform feedback buffer can be used to update vertex buffers from GPU. Babylon.js uses it to implement GPU particles                                                                                                                             | No. Not supported on WebGL1                                                                                   | <Playground id="#PU4WYI" title="Power Of Two Textures" description="Power Of Two Textures"/>            | [See particles documentation](/features/featuresDeepDive/particles/particle_system/particle_system_intro#gpu-particles)       |
| Shadow Samplers              | Shadow samplers are used to enable PCF depth comparison on the hardware. Babylon.js uses it to implement PCF and PCSS shadows.                                                                                                                     | No. Not supported on WebGL1 (shadows fall back to poisson sampling)                                           | <Playground id="#ZT8BKT#57" title="Shadow Samplers" description="Shadow Samplers"/>                      | [See shadows documentation](/features/featuresDeepDive/lights/shadows)                         |
| More precise shadows         | Shadow maps can now use 32 bits depth buffers improving by a large scale the precision of the shadows.                                                                                                                                             | No. Not supported on WebGL1 (shadows precision will fall back to 16 bits)                                     | <Playground id="" title="#ZT8BKT#57More Precise Shadows" description="More Precise Shadows"/>            | [See shadows documentation](/features/featuresDeepDive/lights/shadows)                         |

## Multisample render targets

By default render targets (like mirrors for instance) are created without support for multisampling. To turn it on, just define a value for `renderTarget.samples` > 1.
On WebGL1 context, this will do nothing. On WebGL2 context, this will enable multisampling (more samples imply better antialiasing but a slower rendering).

Here is an example of a mirror (512x512) with and without multisampling:

| No MSAA (1 sample)                 | MSAA (8 samples)                 |
| ---------------------------------- | -------------------------------- |
| ![Title](/img/features/nomsaa.JPG) | ![Title](/img/features/msaa.JPG) |

## Vertex array objects

When possible (either on WebGL2 context or when extension is available on WebGL1 context), Babylon.js will use VAO to control rendering. VAO are a kind of geometry objects. Instead of sending all attributes and buffers used by a mesh (one for position, one for normal, one for indices, one for texture coordinates, etc..), you can build a VAO which will keep track of all attributes / buffers used.

At rendering time, you just have to define one VAO instead of multiple VBO (vertex buffer object).

You can find more details on [Tojicode's blog](http://blog.tojicode.com/2012/10/oesvertexarrayobject-extension.html).

## Uniform buffer objets

On WebGL1 context all uniforms are sent to GPU independently. This means that if your shader uses 16 matrices, you will call WebGL API 16 times to update all matrices before using your shader.

On WebGL2 context, you can use a UBO to set the values in a typed array all inside JavaScript. This means that it's much faster. When all the values are set you can then send them to the GPU with only one call.

You can find more details on [WebGL 2 specification](https://www.khronos.org/registry/webgl/specs/latest/2.0/#3.7.16)

## Multiple Render Target

On former WebGL1, one draw call meant 1 target texture. Now you can bind several target textures to a shader and specify inside the fragment shader the colors you want to put on each texture. Essentially it saves you a lot of CPU time and you can achieve advanced effects like [Deferred Shading](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deferred_Shading).

In Babylon.js, our first use of this technique is to render a geometry buffer of the scene.

## Occlusion queries

Occlusion queries detect whether a Mesh is visible in the current scene or not, and based on that the Mesh get drawn or not. Occlusion queries is useful when you have an expensive object on the scene and you want to make sure that it will get drawn if it is visible to the camera and it is not behind any opaque object. BabylonJs provides an implementation for Occlusion queries using property occlusionType in AbstractMesh Class

[Babylon.js Occlusion Queries Feature](/features/featuresDeepDive/occlusionQueries)

[WebGL 2 Occlusion Queries](https://www.khronos.org/opengl/wiki/Query_Object#Occlusion_queries)

## 3D textures

3D textures are mostly used for volumetric effects like color grading, fire, smoke, etc. WebGL 2 support for 3D textures is as good as that for 2D textures.

So far Babylon.js will use them for color grading texture: <Playground id="#17VHYI#2" title="3D Textures Example" description="Simple example of using 3D textures."/>

## 2D array textures

2D array textures allow you to pass a texture atlas to a custom shader. This could be used whenever you have multiple, distinct, 2D textures that you want to blend or switch between inside your shader. For example tiles, terrain splatting or frames of an animation. Using array textures ensures that distinct layers are sampled _as if_ they were separate textures, so there will be no bleeding between different sections of the atlas.

Usage is very similar to 3D textures: create a `RawTexture2DArray`, use `setTexture` on the shader material, and use a sampler of type `sampler2DArray`. Sample using `texture(yourSampler, vec3(u,v,layerIndex))` where `layerIndex` is a 0-based index into the array.

More information is available on the [Khronos wiki](https://khronos.org/opengl/wiki/Array_Texture).

<Playground id="#XEVUD9" title="2D Array Textures Example" description="2D Array Textures Example"/>

## Power of two textures

On WebGL1 context, all textures are resized to a power of two to produce the best quality. This resize may impact performance.

On WebGL2 context, no resize is required and any size texture will be rendered with the best quality.

You can find more details on [WebGL 2 specification](https://www.khronos.org/registry/webgl/specs/latest/2.0/#4.1.3)


WebGPU Support

Introduction

Benefits of WebGPU

Progress

Potential Issues

Migration of Existing Games and Apps

Will WebGL still be supported?

Testing WebGPU

Coming next

WebGPU Status

Learn the current status of the port to WebGPU as well as the next steps and caveats to be aware of.

WebGPU Breaking Changes

Detail the breaking changes and differences in behaviour with WebGL

Writing shaders for WebGPU in WGSL

Explain how to use WGSL in shaders when using the WebGPU engine

WebGPU Limitations

Learn the limitations of the WebGPU implementation/specification

WebGPU Optimizations

Learn how to optimize WebGPU for speed

WebGPU Internals

Learn how the WebGPU engine has been implemented in Babylon.js